6/25/11

Diagram of Fever's role in Infection and Inflammation





Fever is a healing response. It is one of array of host defence responses (STRESSRESPONSE) to invasion of body microbes. A fever can be caused by many different conditions ranging from benign to potentially serious (STRESSORS). Most often, they are bacteria and their endotoxins, viruses, yeasts, spirochets, protozoa, immune reactions, several hormones, medications, and synthetic polynucleotides. These substances are commonly called exogenic pyrogens. Cells stimulated by exogenic pyrogens form and produce cytokines called endogenic pyrogens. These are produced by the host in response to INFECTION, injury, INFLAMMATION, or antigenic challenge. Endogenic pyrogens centrally affect the thermosensitive neurons in the preoptic area of the hypothalamus increase the production of heat and decrease in heat loss. The body temperature increases until it reaches the set point. This information is transferred by temperature of blood that flows around the hypothalamus. The decrease of temperature is controlled by activation of mechanisms regulating increased outcome of heat to the surrounding area (NEGATIVE FEEDBACK MECHANISM). Increased outcome continues in favourable case until the new equilibrium is achieved (HOMEOSTASIS). There are arguments for and against the usefulness of fever, and the issue is controversial.
Fever slightly increases immune reactions, increases chemotactic, phagocytic, and bactericidal activity of polymorphonuclear leucocytes. Up to certain value, it stimulates the processes of antibody production.
Concomitantly, it slows down the proliferation of microorganisms. Increased body temperature causes a decrease in the amount of plasmatic iron, zinc, and copper. This decrease is not favourable for the growth of microbes. High temperature causes destruction of lysosomes and the whole cells. This is a way by which the body defends itself against microbes but also against replication of viruses. The increased production of interferons also acts against viruses.
In general, fever is considered to be a pathological reaction. However, it belongs to compensatory mechanisms and has important roles in defense processes

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